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Medieval Education: In medieval Europe, citizenship education was tied closely to the church and to religious education, a characteristic that has persisted. In some Protestant areas of Germany, for example, Lutheran influence is reflected in provisions for religious instruction. In Spain and in Italy the state and the Catholic church have been partners in education for centuries. Such religious influence in public education has declined, however, in a number of countries.
Medieval Education.—During the Middle Ages, only sporadic attempts at popular religious education were made, although the ecumenical councils of 680 and 813 A.D. dealt specifically with the education of children. Consistent training was the exception rather than the rule, although there is evidence of such training in Bohemia throughout this period. Charlemagne (742P-814) introduced educational reforms to raise the educational level of the clergy and to make them in turn responsible for the education of the people. An occasional catechism appeared which was designed for popular use. It must be remembered, however, that popular tradition and informal person-to-person education remained strong and influential.
About 70 colleges and universities offer programs to train health education teachers, and the profession is growing. Members of the profession feel strongly that health education should not be considered a part of physical education and that physical education should not be a branch of health education. Some high schools now give a half year to physical education and a half year to health instruction.
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