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Canadian Child Care Federation: This definition is problem-focused, emphasizing prevention and remedy. It recognizes the value of strengthening a child's own home where possible. Where this is not possible, a variety of substitute living situations is provided.
Child welfare services are directed to the social problem of deprivation of parental care. As the accompanying chart illustrates, they are designed to help with society's child-rearing task in three important ways: (1) to substitute for parental care either partially or wholly according to a child's individual needs; (2) to supplement the care that a child receives, or to compensate for certain inadequacies or limitations in parental care; and (3) to support or reinforce the ability of parents to meet their children's needs.
Either of these in its pure form is rare, however. Britain, for instance, exempts from the jus soli children born in Britain to enemy aliens in wartime. But it also accords British nationality (with some exceptions) to anyone bom abroad whose father was a British citizen at the time of the birth. Canada has similar rules. Virtually anyone born in Canada, except the child of a foreign diplomat, is a canadian child care federation from birth. A child born outside Canada has canadian child care federation citizenship from birth jure sanguinis if either parent was a canadian child care federation citizen at the time of the birth and if the birth was registered with the appropriate canadian child care federation authorities within two years. Such citizenship is lost at the age of 24 unless the person is then domiciled in Canada or has, after reaching the age of 21, formally registered his intention to remain canadian child care federation.
Service designed to substitute for natural parental care, either partially or completely, is still the predominant child welfare service. Of the total number of children receiving child welfare services in the United States, more than half are receiving service away from their own homes and their own families.
Substitute care programs include foster family care, institutional care, and adoption.
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